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"Everyone knows what's coming. We don't have fuel in the country; we have to find alternatives," Niurbis Lamothe, a 53-year-old state employee, told AFP after buying a homemade stove.

"The shoe just got tighter than it already was," commented another shopper who declined to give her name as she sized up a a bag of charcoal costing 2,600 pesos (US$5.25), roughly half the average monthly salary. 

The woman, who has a young child, explained that her salary could not stretch to solar panels or a lithium battery to keep the lights on during power cuts of up to 12 hours a day.

"This is the most affordable way" to cook, she said as she loaded a sack of charcoal onto her electric motorcycle -- the vehicle of choice for many Cubans given severe fuel shortages, which they charge when they have power.

Yurisnel Agosto, the 36-year-old charcoal merchant, confirmed that he "has never sold so much" of the fossil fuel.

Before, his customers were primarily pizzerias or grilled-meat restaurants, who cook over coals; now they are families.

"People come and buy three sacks to be prepared for when there's no electricity," said Agosto, his hands blackened from filling, stacking, and arranging the sacks on the side of the road.

For most Cubans, even charcoal is a luxury, and wood the staple fuel source.

- 'Desperate' -

Cuba, which has been under a US trade embargo for over 60 years, was already struggling through its worst crisis in decades when President Donald Trump took steps to cut off its entire oil supply.

The government has announced drastic measures to ration whatever fuel is left, including preventing airlines refueling on the island.

For some Cubans the crisis has triggered memories of the rationing of the "Special Period," the severe economic crisis that followed the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, at the time Cuba's main oil supplier.

Thirty-five years later the writing was on the wall when US special forces overthrew Nicolas Maduro, the socialist president of Cuba's closest ally, Venezuela.

Washington immediately halted Venezuela's oil shipments to US arch-foe Cuba and threatened tariff hikes on any other countries supplying the island with crude.

For wealthier Cubans, solar panels are the salvation.

The number of solar panel installation companies has multiplied since 2024, when the Cuban government relaxed restrictions on importing the mostly Chinese-made devices.

"People are desperate to find a solution," Reinier Hernandez, one business owner, told AFP. 

Since mid-January, he has barely slept as he fields a flurry of orders, prepares quotes, and organizes the work schedule of his 20-or-so employees.

"Sometimes I get home at one in the morning," Orley Estrada, one of his installers, confided.

In the Guanabacoa neighborhood, in eastern Havana, workers are busy installing 12 solar panels on the roof of a nursing home run by the Catholic Church that doubles as a soup kitchen.

The Dominican nuns who run the kitchen prepare food for about 80 elderly or destitute people -- growing numbers of Cubans are forced to rummage through garbage bins for food -- each day.

Sister Gertrudis Abreu fundraised to amass the $7,000 needed for the panels.

"Without electricity, we had no other option," she explained to AFP. 

But with the smallest solar package from Hernandez's company costing $2,000, most Cubans have yet to see the light at the end of the tunnel.

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